What is Passover? Essay -- essays research papers fc

What is Passover? Its History and Traditions Passover is probably the most established celebration on the planet. This celebration falls in spring, in the primary month of the Hebrew year, called Nisan (March-April), and goes on for eight days, from the fifteenth to the twenty-third. It remembers the arrival of the Israelites from Egypt and the way that God â€Å"passed over† their homes when he looked for the primary conceived in that land.      According to the Bible, the narrative of Passover runs as follows. A gathering of Hebrews known as the children of Jacob descended from Canaan towards Egypt. They settled under a considerate system, where they were made slaves and set to work, assembling the urban communities of Pithum and Raamses. The pharaoh requested all the Hebrew children to be slaughtered during childbirth. A Hebrew mother set her baby kid into a container and put him in the Nile River, to escape the pharaoh’s order. The Pharaoh’s little girl discovered this Hebrew infant, called him Moses, took him home and raised him.      One day, he saw a ruthless assault upon a Hebrew by an Egyptian supervisor; angered by the assault Moses killed the Egyptian. Dreading to be murdered for slaughtering an Egyptian, he fled to Midian, where he wedded the girl of a neighborhood minister. On one event while going to the sheep of his dad in-law on Mount Horeb, Moses saw a scene of a consuming shrubbery. This shrubbery appeared to be some how not to expend. Thinking about what was going on, he came nearer to the shrub and the neighborhood god Yahweh (Jehovah) revealed to him that the Israelites were enduring, and that he had been decided to discharge them from Egypt and lead them to the paradisal land, what is referred to now as Palestine and Syria. Moses needed to acquaint Jehovah with the Israelites, and after they had embraced him, he needed to go to the Pharaoh and solicitation the arrival of the individuals.      To show that it was to be sure Jehovah, who had addressed Moses, Moses was outfitted with three otherworldly qualifications. In the first place, his staff was transformed into a snake and afterward returned to its typical shape. Second, when he set his hand under his sleeve, it became diseased and afterward it recuperated when he expelled it. Third, he was informed that if the individuals continued scrutinizing his crucial, was to give them noticeable evidence by diverting water from the Nile into blood before their eyes.      As authorized, ... ...ortance, empowering the individual to know about appreciation, and to augment an individual’s point of view of himself/herself according to his/her kindred people. The Feast of Freedom, called Passover, is a case of an important story demonstrating God’s expectation to pass on a harmony between the Hebrews’ self concerns and the worries of their adversaries, as God reminds the Hebrew to petition God for the fallen Egyptians armed force and the killed first-borns of the Egyptian families. Passover’s idea of opportunity isn't just a reason for festivity, yet in addition a solid exercise in the estimation of how an individual should act or a gathering should behave to other people. Book reference Bulka, Reuven P. What you thought you thought about Judaism. Jason Aronson Inc. Northvale, New Jersey. 1989 Cardozo, Arlene Rossen Jewish Family Celebrations. St. Martin’s Press, New York . 1982 Fredman, Ruth Gruber The Passover Seder. College of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. 1981 Goodman, Philip The Passover Anthology. The Jewish Publication Society of America. Philadelphia. 1971 Sohn, Seock-tae The Divine Election of Israel. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. Fabulous Rapids, Michigan. 1991

Rap As Art Essay Example For Students

Rap As Art Essay Presentation The word craftsman is a term that is utilized to describeprofessions, for example, painters, culinary specialists, and even performers. Painters use paints andcanvas as their medium, gourmet experts use nourishment for their delicacy, and performers use thewords and instruments to make the craft of sound. Indeed, even inside this, theterms of boss, painters, and performers incorporate numerous aspects. For instance, somechiefs practice just in cakes, a few painters just work with watercolor, orthe in the occurrence of music, performers who make rap music. IN ALL INSTANCES AFORM OF CREATION HAS TAKEN PLACE BUT MODERN DAY SCRUTINY ON WHO CAN OR CANNOT BECONSIDERED ARTISTS HAS BANISHED RAPPERS AS ARTISTS. FIRST SUPPORTING PARAGRAPHRAPPERS ARE MUSICIANS WHO USE FAST-PACED RHYMING VERSES ACCOMPANIED WITH A HEAVYBEAT AND SYNTHESIZING RHYTHMS. The expressive stanzas can reflect everything fromlove to a medication bargain turned out badly to solid sentiments about social and pol iticalissues. Of late however, rappers, for example, Tupac Shakur, Notorious BIG, and PuffDaddy have been examined as to climate or not their type of articulation can beconsidered craftsmanship. Famous BIG uses hostile language to depict his lifestylesand his objects of want. Numerous individuals believe that the irreverence andoffensiveness of his verses fill in as motivations to excuse him as a craftsmen. Notwithstanding, as indicated by the meaning of a craftsman, rappers can be consideredartists. SECOND SUPPORTING PARAGRAPH IN ORDER TO FULLY ESTABLISH THAT RAPPERSARE ARTISTS, THE DEFINITION OF ARTIST AND ART MUST BE ESTABLISHED. A craftsman is an individual talented in an artistic work, for example, painting, move or music. Workmanship is the formation of a work realizing an assortment of new mix ofelements in the medium (tones in music, words in writing, ect.) To furtherestablish the meaning of craftsman, lets take a gander at certain models. Painters forinstance are considered as craftsman since they meet the characterized models. First,painter must be gifted in their field. They should have an eye for shading, shapes,patterns and subtleties. Second, painters must have the option to join differentvariables to frame a variety of work of art. They should have the option to bring differentexisting hues, surfaces, and shape together to make something new, abstract,or even definitional. Third, painters must utilize their ability as a structure ofself-articulation. Hues depict their feelings and the shapes to connote acertain mind-set. In these perspective painters meet all the standards that make an artistan craftsman. Presently you have to look at the attributes of a rapper to determinewhether or not they meet similar standards of being gifted in a compelling artwork suchas music, having the option to bring out new mix of components to frame somethingnew, and having the option to introduce a type of self articulation. THIRD SUPPORTINGPARAGRAPH IN FACT RAP IS A FORM OF MUSIC THAT REQUIRES MANY TALENTS IN THESIMILAR FORM THAT PAINTERS MUST BE SKILLED AT THEIR TRADE. As indicated by theMerriam Websters Dictionary, rapping is characterized as a cadenced chantingoften as one of typically rhymed couplets to a melodic accompaniment.Therefore, notwithstanding the abilities expected of different performers, for example, beingable to identify melodic notes, and having the option to understand music, artists who rapmust have the option to compose rhyming verses just as being musically disposed. Forexample, notable rapper Bizzy Bone from the rap bunch Bone Thugs NHarmony is acclaimed for his capacity to rap with a staggering rate and at thesame time keep up a consistent beat and mood. Notwithst anding those abilities, arapper must have the option to make and compose stanzas and couplets. Two of the mostpopular rappers, Notorious BIG and Tupac Shakur, were perceived for theirability to compose verses that had retaining importance as well as knownfor their selection of words and semantics. In light if this, rappers start to fitthe meaning of specialists since they gangs certain melodic aptitudes necessaryto their specific type of craftsmanship. Forward SUPPORTING PARAGRAPH THE SECOND ATTRIBUTETHAT RAPPERS MAINTAIN TO BRING IS A NEW COMBINATION OF ELEMENTS. Just aspainters must have the option to take various hues and shapes to make a painting,rappers should likewise have the option to take sorts and put them out for another tune. .u417b9fa7ec9aa0466f47bdf98cad012b , .u417b9fa7ec9aa0466f47bdf98cad012b .postImageUrl , .u417b9fa7ec9aa0466f47bdf98cad012b .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u417b9fa7ec9aa0466f47bdf98cad012b , .u417b9fa7ec9aa0466f47bdf98cad012b:hover , .u417b9fa7ec9aa0466f47bdf98cad012b:visited , .u417b9fa7ec9aa0466f47bdf98cad012b:active { border:0!important; } .u417b9fa7ec9aa0466f47bdf98cad012b .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u417b9fa7ec9aa0466f47bdf98cad012b { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u417b9fa7ec9aa0466f47bdf98cad012b:active , .u417b9fa7ec9aa0466f47bdf98cad012b:hover { obscurity: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u417b9fa7ec9aa0466f47bdf98cad012b .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .u417b9fa7ec9aa0466f47bdf98cad012b .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content improvement: underline; } .u417b9fa7ec9aa0466f47bdf98cad012b .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u417b9fa7ec9aa0466f47bdf98cad012b .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content beautification: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u417b9fa7ec9aa0466f47bdf98cad012b:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u417b9fa7 ec9aa0466f47bdf98cad012b .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u417b9fa7ec9aa0466f47bdf98cad012b-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u417b9fa7ec9aa0466f47bdf98cad012b:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: The Road to Salvation EssayFor occasion, a technique for accumulation utilized by numerous rappers is called examining. A craftsman takes a melodic string or arrangement of notes from various performers andbuilds upon it to deliver their own sound. A rapper may take a presentation toa tune and utilize that as the reason for their melody. An occurrence of this can befound in Puff Daddys examining of Lunez I Got 5 ON IT. Puff Daddy usesthe ambient sounds and makes his own verses to frame another and more slow lovesong, Satisfy You. FIFTH SUPPORTING PARAGRAPH ANOTHER CHARACTERISTIC OF ARAPPER THAT GIVES HIM OR HER THE RIGHT TO BE CONSIDERED A RAPPER, IS THEEXPRESSIONS THEIR SONGS PRESENT. Painters may utilize red to connote their outrage oryellow to communicate sparkle, resembling to rappers utilization of words and lyricsto express their sentiments and feelings about legislative issues, individual reasons, or eventheir joy in their riches. Rapper Tupac Shakur was noted for his resentment andfrustrations that was his found in his verses and music. He utilized his feelingsfrom his precarious adolescence a nd life in the downtown. He likewise regularly describeshis lost companionship and abhor towards Notorious BIG because of Notorious BIG stealinglyrics from Tupac further making a contention among the two rappers. Numerous rapperssuch as Juvenile and the gathering Cash Money rap about subjects, for example, achievement inlife, riches, and the things they can purchase with it. There are various kinds ofvariation of rappers similarly as there are variety of painters; some work of art areonly dynamic and different artistic creations are in subtleties. End Rappers use theirlife and its tribulations as a wellspring of motivation to their music. The musicthey make present all the types of what might believe them to be craftsman; dueto their extraordinary capacity to make cadenced verses, to communicate, and touse various components to make something new and particular. BibliographyMarian Websters Dictionary pg. 7879, pg. 1128

What Is Enlightenment Essay Topics by Kant?

What Is Enlightenment Essay Topics by Kant?Those who wish to succeed in high school or college will find that the key to success lies in a good Kant's What is Enlightenment Essay topics. Essays such as these are very important because they cover all of the points that one needs to learn in order to be successful. They are more focused and you are able to focus on one thing at a time. In addition, they help to provide a structure to the lessons so that you learn the material in the way that you should learn it.As I stated earlier, the best ones are those that are written by the great philosopher himself. He writes them from his own perspective, and he does not make assumptions about others. You can also get the best ones by going online and doing some research on the internet, but this can become confusing for you if you do not know what you are looking for.One of the things that you will find is that there are many different kinds of good ones out there, but they do not all have the same quality. The internet can be a good place to start when trying to locate the right ones for you. You can read the ones that interest you, and you will then be able to compare them and see which ones are your favorites.There are many important qualities that make up a Kant's What is Enlightenment Essay Topics. In order to be successful at this, you will need to be able to be objective and you must be able to write clearly and well. It can be difficult to write a detailed essay about the topic, but you must do it in order to achieve the goals that you have set.Kant's What is Enlightenment Essay Topics should be taken seriously and you should use it as a guide in your studies. When you begin a book with one of these, you are also setting yourself up for success when you finish the book. This is very important if you want to be successful.Many students do not take the time to practice their writing skills and they tend to forget how to express themselves and write in a clear and co ncise manner. By using a Kant's What is Enlightenment Essay Topics, you will be able to show what you learned in the book. You will be able to demonstrate what you were taught in the book and you will also be able to remember what the professor said in the class.In many cases, the teacher will require the student to teach the class by discussing the material in a discussion. Once you teach the class in this way, you will find that you will become quite good at it. In fact, if you want to be successful, you may consider teaching yourself if you find that you have difficulties with the material.Kant's What is Enlightenment Essay Topics is an excellent course that will teach you how to communicate properly. This will enable you to communicate to others in a manner that will be helpful to them. The final result is that you will be able to communicate clearly and effectively, which is very important when you are trying to communicate with people.

Environmental Effects of Fossil Fuel Exploration and...

As the fossil fuels, such as coal, gas, LPG and coal mixed gas and so on, has been used in the modern production process since the industrial revolution happened, the environment effects of fossil fuels’ exploration and extraction is the biggest concerns for public life. To illustrate this, data collected by Marland, Boden, Andres, Brenkert and Johnston (2003) points out that the fossil fuels industry has caused the release of approximately 337 billion metric tons of carbon to atmosphere since 1751, and the greenhouse gases’ accumulation caused by the industry can increase the risk of heat waves, droughts, malnutrition and other disasters (Haines, Kovats, Campbell-Lendrum and Corvalà ¡n, 2006), leading to social panic and complaints. Fossil†¦show more content†¦Also, data collected by Moffatt and Pless-Mulloli (2003) indicates that 19 of the 31 families surveyed, from four communities near opencast coal mine in the North-East of England, had children who had b een suffered from asthma, which shows that solid particles in air has a negative effect on human’s health conditions. Hence, it could be concluded that air pollution during the process of fossil fuels’ exploration and extraction effects badly on climate change and public health. Land subsidence is another negative effect of fossil fuels’ exploration and extraction. In this essay, land subsidence could be explained as a phenomenon that the surface of earth sinks due to the resource exploration and extraction. According to Shi, Jiang, Li and Yang (2013), the original balance in embracing rock is destroyed during the coal extraction process, and the collapse area will be formed if the stress surpasses the intensity of rock. For example, the images collecting from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) indicate that oilfields in central California has got a subsidence rate of up to 400 millimeters per year or 1 millimeter per day.(Fielding, Blom and Goldstein,1998).Shi, Jiang, Li and Yang (2013) also states that nearly 50 coalfields in china have been experiencing land subsidence since 1980.A typical example could be given that Xuzhou Coalfield of Jiangsu province had a subsidence area of more than 50 square kilometres, whose volume was 60%-70% of theShow MoreRel atedExploring The Cost Of Hydraulic Fracturing Essay1750 Words   |  7 PagesExploring the Cost of Hydraulic Fracturing in Colorado: What are the potential effects of the Tres Rio 2016 Oil and Gas Lease/Sale on Montezuma County s public health, ecological communities, and economic stability? Introduction Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is a technique often administered by oil and gas companies in order to create fissures within subsurface shale formations. After a site is established, the initial step entails breaking through the soil and stone via a bit placed at theRead MoreIndia s Production Of Shale Gas3074 Words   |  13 Pagesand its relation and impact in the USA and world energy industry. This research has the objective to understand the key environmental and logistic issues related to the extraction and transport of shale and natural gas in Western Europe and in the US. What are the major differences and similarities? Many Western European countries do not allow the production and extraction of shale gas in their territory but buy natural gas from Russia. Why are they keeping that restriction? Moreover, how doesRead MoreFossil Fuel And Fossil Fuels1485 Words   |  6 PagesFossil fuel is a general term for buried combustible geologic deposits of organic materials. Fossil Fuels were formed from decayed prehistoric plants and animals that lived millions of years ago (Science Daily, 2015). According to the U.S Department of Energy, when these ancient living plants and animals died they decomposed and became buried under layers and layers of mud, rock, and sand (2013). Throughout millions of years, they slowly decomposed into organic material. Depending on what combina tionRead MoreFracking1198 Words   |  5 PagesNewer Sources of Fossil Oil in North America (Favoring Production of Oil Sands and Opposing the Production of Tar Sands) Discovery about Tar/ Oil Sands Tar/ Oil sands are very important for determining the energy requirements of any country. Today we highly depend on the energy resources and could not succeed without considerable energy resources available to us to meet our daily production needs. Fossil fuels which are based on coal, natural gas, renewable, nuclear and oil are the main sourcesRead MoreThe Waters : Oceans Offer A Ray Of Hope1228 Words   |  5 Pagesthe British ships Lightning and Porcupine in the North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. The voyages explored deep-sea flora and fauna, fossils, and the nature of the sea floor and determined the composition and temperature of sea water at great depths. â€Å"The cruises of the Porcupine and Lightning sets the foundation for the modern deep-sea exploration. [1] Oceans, the iconic feature of our earth covers almost 70% of the surface. Apart from transportation and communication needs, oceans areRead MoreFuture Trends of the Venezuelan Oil and Gas Industry1357 Words   |  6 PagesStates largest sources of oil imports. These key contributions in the world attract experts’ opinions about Venezuela’s future trends in the industry. It is majorly dependent on key factors such as the customer needs, state of economies and the environmental changes in the country. The increasing customer needs has had a major role in the prediction of future trends in the oil and gas industry in Venezuela. Globally the customer demand influences the world peak oil; this refers to when the rate ofRead MoreFossil Fuels Are An Important Part Of The World1947 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Fossil fuels are an extremely important part of the world we live in today. We often take for granted being able to constantly have privileges because of the use of fossil fuels. Most people do not generally think about the fossil fuels that they use, when they turn on a light and have electricity or when they are driving and are getting from place to place because of the gas in their tanks. However, as time goes on we have to be more conscious and realize that these fossil fuels are non-renewableRead MoreEthics - British Gas Essay1393 Words   |  6 PagesTobago under a 20-year supply contract. A development plan for the ‘Dolphin Deep and ‘Starfish fields in the East Coast Marine Area has been submitted to the Government of Trinidad Tobago.   1.1 SOCIAL ISSUES Of great importance to the gas exploration and development activities are the impacts on the social, economic and Is this Essay helpful? Join  OPPapers  to read more and access more than 250,000 just like it! GET  BETTER  GRADES environment. BG, therefore has an obligation to recognize andRead MoreThe Sources Of Fossil Fuels1428 Words   |  6 PagesIV. Fossil Fuels Fossil Fuels are the natural fuels such as coal or gas found in the Earth’s crust. It is formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms. A hydrocarbon deposit, such as oil, coal, or natural gas, derived from the accumulated remains of ancient plants and animals. Carbon dioxide and other gases were produced by burning fossil fuels are considered to be one of the principal causes of global warming. A. The origin of coal is a plentiful fossil fuel and has beenRead MorePestel Analysis Is A Marketing Framework Used To Identify748 Words   |  3 PagesPESTEL Analysis is a marketing framework used to identify and analyze the macro-environmental factors surrounding an industry or an organization. The frame work consist of five components: Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal. Political The Oil and Gas industry is heavily impacted by political factors by means such as tax policy, import export, exchange rate, and so on. Below are most recent change in global political context. †¢ The relationship between the US

Composite Materials in Aerospace

Weight is everything when it comes to heavier-than-air machines, and designers have striven continuously to improve lift to weight ratios since man first took to the air. Composite materials have played a major part in weight reduction, and today there are three main types in use: carbon fiber-, glass-, and aramid- reinforced epoxy.; there are others, such as boron-reinforced (itself a composite formed on a tungsten core). Since 1987, the use of composites in aerospace has doubled every five years, and new composites regularly appear. Uses Composites are versatile, used for both structural applications and components, in all aircraft and spacecraft, from hot air balloon gondolas and gliders to passenger airliners, fighter planes, and the Space Shuttle. Applications range from complete airplanes such as the Beech Starship to wing assemblies, helicopter rotor blades, propellers, seats, and instrument enclosures. The types have different mechanical properties and are used in different areas of aircraft construction. Carbon fiber, for example, has unique fatigue  behavior  and is brittle, as Rolls-Royce discovered in the 1960s when the innovative RB211 jet engine with carbon fiber compressor blades failed catastrophically due to bird strikes. Whereas an aluminum wing has a known metal fatigue lifetime, carbon fiber is much less predictable (but dramatically improving every day), but boron works well (such as in the wing of the Advanced Tactical Fighter). Aramid fibers (Kevlar is a well-known proprietary brand owned by DuPont) are widely used in honeycomb sheet form to construct very stiff, very light bulkhead, fuel tanks, and floors. They are also used in leading- and trailing-edge wing components. In an experimental program, Boeing successfully used 1,500 composite parts to replace 11,000 metal components in a helicopter. The use of composite-based components in place of metal as part of maintenance cycles is growing rapidly in commercial and leisure aviation. Overall, carbon fiber is the most widely used composite fiber in aerospace applications. Advantages We have already touched on a few, such as weight saving, but here is a full list: Weight reduction - savings in the range of 20%-50% are often quoted.It is easy to assemble complex components using automated layup machinery and rotational molding processes.Monocoque (single-shell) molded structures deliver higher strength at a much lower weight.Mechanical properties can be tailored by lay-up design, with tapering thicknesses of reinforcing cloth and cloth orientation.Thermal stability of composites means they dont expand/contract excessively with a change in temperature (for example a 90 °F runway to -67 °F at 35,000 feet in a matter of minutes).High impact resistance - Kevlar (aramid) armor shields planes, too - for example, reducing accidental damage to the engine pylons which carry engine controls and fuel lines.High damage tolerance improves accident survivability.Galvanic - electrical - corrosion problems which would occur when two dissimilar metals are in contact (particularly in humid marine environments) are avoided. (Here non-conductive fiberglass pla ys a role.)Combination fatigue/corrosion problems are virtually eliminated. Future Outlook With ever-increasing fuel costs and environmental lobbying, commercial flying is under sustained pressure to improve performance, and weight reduction is a key factor in the equation. Beyond the day-to-day operating costs, the aircraft maintenance programs can be simplified by component count reduction and corrosion reduction. The competitive nature of the aircraft construction business ensures that any opportunity to reduce operating costs is explored and exploited wherever possible. Competition exists in the military too, with continuous pressure to increase payload and range, flight performance characteristics, and survivability, not only of airplanes but of missiles, too. Composite technology continues to advance, and the advent of new types such as basalt and carbon nanotube forms is certain to accelerate and extend composite usage. When it comes to aerospace, composite materials are here to stay.

Letter Of The Board Of Education - 1399 Words

Devin Kim Mr. Soderman English Period 4 14 June 2016 A Letter to The Board of Education â€Å"McDonald’s.† When people hear that word, the first things they visualize are the Golden Arches, the Big Mac, or Ronald McDonald. McDonald s has had a profound effect on the fast-food industry and on the U.S.; in the 20th century, the creators/owners of McDonald s, Richard McDonald, Maurice McDonald, and Ray Kroc (a traveling salesman) created the Speedee Service System, which made restaurants like a factory, and improved on franchising, an easy way to set up businesses and make money. Other restaurants began basing themselves off of McDonald’s. As of McDonald’s influence on America: â€Å"We believe that the McDonald’s brand is†¦ omnipresent†¦ in America,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦In addition, McDonald’s sells very little fruit/vegetables; they do sell apples and salads, but â€Å"the Washington Post estimated that almost 98 percent of McDonald’s customers don’t order a salad.† [1] Students who go to McDonald’s would not buy a salad; they would buy an unhealthy sandwich and a sugary drink, which means that McDonald’s does not protect the health and well-being of children; it influences them to eat unhealthy food. Another piece of evidence that proves McDonald’s is harmful is the 2004 documentary Super Size Me, in which Morgan Spurlock ate only McDonald’s foods for a thirty-day period. Spurlock states, â€Å"In only 30 days of eating nothing but McDonald’s I gained 24.5 lbs., my liver turned to fat, and my cholesterol shot up 65 points [to 230]. My body fat percentage went from 11 to 18%... I nearly doubled my risk of coronary heart disease, making myself twice as likely to have heart failure. I felt depressed and exhausted most of the time, my mood swung on a dime... I craved this food more and more when I ate it, and got massive cravings when I didn’t. In my final blood test, many of my body functions showed signs of improvement , but the doctors were less than optimistic.† [3] Therefore, a fast-food diet is damaging toward people, and should not be served at school or anywhere else; fast food is bad for humans like

My love of cooking Essay Example For Students

My love of cooking Essay I never told anyone how passionate I am about cooking. It wasn?t till I got older and began to travel that I realized the importance of food and culture. Before then I never took pleasure in the preparation of meals. The whole process of cooking was a nuisance. At family functions the women would be in the kitchen cooking, telling stories, and laughing. I would always watch from a far but never joined in for the fear of getting dirty, or causing an accident. I later conquered my fear and began to cook often. My family would get together every Sunday to eat, dance, and enjoy each others company. This specific day they were serving fresh fish. As I devoured the fish, I never stopped to think of the time it took to prepare it, where it came from, or how it came to be? I never thought a meal could give such insight into a people?s culture. Food is influenced by culture. The first time I realized this was when I traveled outside of Puerto Rico. My mother was working in a hotel and was invited to the grand opening of El Conquistador in Catalonia, Spain. It was a different world, a world that revolved around food. The people of Spain take simple pleasure in life. Everyday they take a ?Siesta?. Siesta is the Spanish word for nap. It is around noon, when the stores and restaurants start closing. The town becomes a desolate place. People head home to be with their families, and enjoy their lunch; afterwards they rest. They come back out in the evening. The streets become crowded again, couples stroll by, children run down the sidewalks, music travels from balconies down to the streets. Florescent lamps illuminate the town and the intoxicating smells of food invade your nostrils. It is now dinner time. Dinner time for Spaniards is usually around 9:00 pm. By then I was starving, I asked my friend and guide Laura, to order for us. I began to recognize some of the dishes being set at our table. The aroma brought back nostalgic memories of home. They were typical dishes we would have at our family parties in Puerto Rico. Somehow we crossed paths. We shared something in common. We both shared the same history. Millions of years ago we evolved, we learned how to hunt and gather. We created fire, and realized the impor tance of heating and preserving food. We nourished our bodies and brains and food became an essential part of survival. There were regions of the world with different climates. Foods that would flourish and grow in certain parts of the world did not exist in others. Explorers crossed oceans, found new land and conquered people. Years ago Puerto Rico was ?discovered? by Spanish Conquistadors. The island was inhabited by Native settlers when the Spaniards arrived. Cultures clashed and what is now Puerto Rico came to be. Spanish heritage has left an undeniable impression on the island and proof of its cultural exchange can be found in the local culinary styles. I now view cooking as a way of reconnecting with the past. I incorporate old traditional recipes and add new ingredients to create something new and unique. The process is what sustains my love for cuisine. The time and effort put into a meal, and the way it quickly disappears. The silence in a room filled with people who are too busy eating to talk. The consistency of things, that no matter where you are in the world it will always take twelve minutes to boil an egg. I now have a new sense of appreciation for cuisine. I love inviting friends and family dinner and enjoying delicious, home made meals together. The fruit of my labor is seeing the satisfying smiles on their faces and hearing them say things like ?Compliments to the chef!? I also realize the importance of preparing your own meals. You have complete control of the ingredients being used, and the finishing product. .uaecb6d8ccaf5712f733984090941c4b1 , .uaecb6d8ccaf5712f733984090941c4b1 .postImageUrl , .uaecb6d8ccaf5712f733984090941c4b1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaecb6d8ccaf5712f733984090941c4b1 , .uaecb6d8ccaf5712f733984090941c4b1:hover , .uaecb6d8ccaf5712f733984090941c4b1:visited , .uaecb6d8ccaf5712f733984090941c4b1:active { border:0!important; } .uaecb6d8ccaf5712f733984090941c4b1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaecb6d8ccaf5712f733984090941c4b1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaecb6d8ccaf5712f733984090941c4b1:active , .uaecb6d8ccaf5712f733984090941c4b1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaecb6d8ccaf5712f733984090941c4b1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaecb6d8ccaf5712f733984090941c4b1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaecb6d8ccaf5712f733984090941c4b1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaecb6d8ccaf5712f733984090941c4b1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaecb6d8ccaf5712f733984090941c4b1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaecb6d8ccaf5712f733984090941c4b1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaecb6d8ccaf5712f733984090941c4b1 .uaecb6d8ccaf5712f733984090941c4b1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaecb6d8ccaf5712f733984090941c4b1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: WW II EssayThere are many benefits to learning how to cook. It is a lot more economical to buy your own food at the grocery store then to go to a restaurant every night. Often times in restaurants menus describe the meal but leave out important facts like calories, and fat. When people cook they have more knowledge of what they are consuming. Food today has all kinds of pesticides and hormones. Cooking gives you the option of choosing. You can choose to purchase meat with no hormone additives, fruits with no pesticides, and foods with any high fructose syrup. These chemicals have been linked to such disease as cancer, and diabetes. Jean Anthelme once said ?Tell me what you eat, and ill tell you who you are?. Does not caring about what you eat say something about yourself? And if it did give an insight of who you are, would it be looked at as negative or positive? These questions I can not answer, but I can tell you one of my favorite parts of life. The way we have to stop whatever it is we are doing, and devote our full attention to eating. Cooking has brought me great joys. It?s a way of keeping tradition alive. Every recipe is an ode to those who have created it; creating one your self gives a sense of achievement. It?s something you can share with your family, and pass down to those who live on after you. As a child I did not see the importance in cooking. As an adult, who will someday have children of my own, I do.

The Merchant of Venice Essay Essay Example

The Merchant of Venice Essay Essay Before the middle ages, the Jews left Israel in the Diaspora (a scattering) and spread all over the world, living in the cities in separate communities going forth and carrying out their lifestyle as normal. But not everyone was happy with this. Jews became enormously hated, were seen as aliens in their new communities and had no kind of social status. English people/audiences knew Jews only from legend. In the popular medieval mystery plays, which lasted until Shakespeares youth, Jews featured as a cursed race. It was rumoured that they killed children and drank their blood. It was in 1201 when Jews were expelled from England. Jews slowly began to return to England in Shakespeares time. A way in which people were seen to be anti-Semitic was the time when Fredericko Lopez (Queen Elizabeths personal doctor) a Jew, was tried and executed for treason, which was very much questioned to be an anti-Semitic plot. Jews were considered by Christians to be Christ Killers. Myths about their rituals and ceremonies were widely talked about and believed, such as in the legend of Little St. Hugh of Lincoln (Chaucers prioresss tale), where Jews murder a Christian child. Jews were forced to live in ghettos (geto) which may have given Jews a persecution complex. We will write a custom essay sample on The Merchant of Venice Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Merchant of Venice Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Merchant of Venice Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In 2009, we are bound to view any work concerning Jews and persecution through the prism of the Holocaust. Our views are almost certainly coloured by this; the Elizabethan audience had no such experience although events of persecution (known as pogroms) were common. Throughout the duration of the play, both Antonio and Shylock show major dislike which if looked at in depth is portrayed more as hatred. The main reason because of this is due to the fact that one is a Christian and the other a Jew. Their revulsion towards each other is shown many times such as when Antonio quotes, I am as like to call thee so again, to spit on thee again and to spurn the too meaning that just because they are doing business it does not mean they are companions. But it is not only Antonio that shows abhorrence. Shylock also tells of how much he loathes Antonio when he says, How like a fawning publican he looks. I hate him for he is a Christian demonstrating his thoughts of Antonio. Shakespeare understands the human suffering that Jews had for centuries been subject to humiliating discrimination towards Jews so allows Shylock to speak for his own and all other persecuted minorities: Hath not a Jews eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses affections, passions? Fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, healed by the same means, warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer as a Christian is? If you prick us, do we not bleed? If we can appreciate this it makes our decision so much more complex to choose which person to side with. The bond is initially made to Bassanio, Antonios dear friend as it is needed to woo a beautiful heiress. But as all of Antonios ships and merchandise are busy at sea, he promises to cover the bond so Bassanio seeks Shylock, a vengeful Jewish money lender whom Antonio truly detests. It is agreed that Shylock would lend 3000 ducats under the condition of, if Antonio is unable to repay the loan at the specified date, he is entitled to take a pound of Antonios fair flesh. As Shylock calculates the interest on the loan he remembers the many times that Antonio has cursed him, calling him a misbeliever, cut-throat, dog and spat upon his Jewish gabardine. Antonio responds that he is likely to do so again and insists that Shylock lends him money as an enemy. Bassanio warns Antonio against entering such an agreement under such a condition, but Antonio assures him that he will have no trouble repaying the debt, as his ships will soon bring him wealth that far exceeds the value of the loan. So is surprised by what he sees as the money lenders generosity and signs willingly. With reference to the film, we visually see what a pound of flesh looks like as shylock purchases a pound of lamb. Seeing a pound of flesh looks a very large amount but Antonio still uptakes the agreement. The words kind and kindness are repeated several times at the end of this scene. They have a surface meaning generous and generosity which Antonio accepts, and an ironic double meaning. If Shylock grows kind in this second sense, he will become even more like himself, true to his nature. And we have already, in his soliloquy, seen what this is. With regards to the elopement of Jessica, we see another side to Shylock, a deeper, more human side. It was unusual on the Elizabethan stage to have Jews portrayed other than one dimensional characters (often dressed as devils). But with Shylock we see a father experiencing a confusion of emotions as Tubal imparts various pieces of information in an incoherent manner. He is told of the loss of his daughter, mourning the fact she has eloped with a Christian man, (which in Judaism is said to dilute her blood as Judaism can only be descended from a mother making any children that she has Christian) and is extremely irate that she is recklessly spending his money. He becomes even more enraged when he hears that Jessica has given away the ring that was a token of betrothal from his late wife. It is later on explained to him that she had exchanged the ring for a pet monkey, which leaves him so heated that he exclaims; I would my daughter were dead at my foot, and the jewels in her ear: would she were hearsed at my foot and the ducats in her coffin We the audience should feel pity for him here as the news of the turquoise is agony for him, I had it of Leah, when I was a bachelor. I would not have given it for a wilderness of monkeys. But are we obliged to feel compassion for him as he puts across the thought that he would prefer his money rather than his own flesh and blood back in his arms? He believes that Antonio is most certainly involved which adds to the atmosphere. Grief and anger conflict with malicious glee when Shylock hears of Antonios misfortune away at sea and it is made very clear that he will take revenge for both the loss of his daughter and his ring when he claims the forfeit from Antonio. The trial scene in The Merchant of Venice is most probably the most famous scene in English drama. It shows the vital difference between a Christian showing mercy, and a Jews thought of justice. The conversation between Shylock and Bassanio before Shylock comes on stage shows the hopeless resignation with which Antonio faces Shylocks wrath. Shylock is relentless in that he wants his pound of flesh. Shylock admits hatred for Antonio is irrational and emotional. But Antonio is not intimidated, and shows his contempt for Shylocks Jewish Heart. Bassanio offers to repay twice the amount he had originally borrowed but Shylock would refused to uptake his offer declaring he wants his pound of flesh is by law. But if the Duke refuses to grant this it will appear that There is no force in the decrees of Venice. Antonio knows that if the law was not observed, Venice will suffer in its reputation as the centre of international trade. And through all this Shylock is very brave in a sense and unaffected by insults as in the film he is surrounded by Christians with even the duke siding Antonio. The Duke then makes a final attempt to save Antonio legally so calls upon a famous lawyer named Bellario. Shylock knows the strength of his position and insists he will take justice. Bellario urges Shylock to take mercy, but he refuses and says I will have my bond! ). Bellario (Portia) then puts forward that Shylock can take his pound of flesh but in no way can spill a drop of Antonios blood. Shylock then realizes he cannot take is pound of flesh and tries to take the money Bassanio is still offering. But it is then when Bellario begins to be inflexible stating that Shylock will have to pay the penalty of an alien trying to murder a Venetian. And this is where we see the key difference between a Christian and a Jew. Antonio shows his generosity. The half of his estate that Shylock is supposed to forfeit to him, he will allow him to keep it under two conditions. The first being he leaves his wealth to his daughter and her husband Lorenzo and that he becomes a Christian. To an Elizabethan audience this would not be such a bad thing as in the bible it says that a Christian should endeavor in converting non believers. This I believe is the worst thing that could ever be asked of Shylock as his religion is all he has left. In conclusion, therefore, I believe Shylock to be the party more sinned against than sinning. Centuries of intolerance shown to his people, married to the personal insults he has undergone have combined to make him a steely adversary but ultimately, a victim. The Merchant of Venice Essay Essay Example The Merchant of Venice Essay Paper Paragraph 1 If I were the director of the court scene of the play the merchant of Venice I would set the scene in Venice where there is hatred towards Jews to emphasize that Shakespear has been hateful towards Jews by making Shylock play the Jew in the play. In designing the court I would put the judge above everyone in the court and I would make Shylocks seat lower than everyone elses to make him feel lower than everyone else. In my choice of props I would place crosses all over the courtroom to emphasize it is a Christian place. When the Duke enters the courtroom I would make everyone rise to show respect and be silent. When Shylock enters the courtroom I would make everyone remain seated and make Shylock bow to the Duke and the audience to make Shylock as a Jew feel lower than Christians. We will write a custom essay sample on The Merchant of Venice Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Merchant of Venice Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Merchant of Venice Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I would imagine that as Shylock is about to enter the court he is happy and walking up and down to show he is bursting with confidence to let his story out, to get his pound of flesh. If I got an actor to play Shylocks part through his body language I would make him keep moving his hands around to show hes ecstatic. I imagine if Shylock walked into a courtroom full of Christians the Christians would boo at Shylocks entrance because he is Jewish and there is a negative persona towards Jews throughout the play. As Shylock enters the courtroom, full of Christians, I would want them to boo at him and swear at him to show their hatred and disaprovence of him as a moneylender and a Jew. The attitudes of the people of Venice over time will make Shylock become resentful towards Christians. Paragraph 2 In act 4 scene 1 lines 16-34 the feelings that the Duke shows towards Antonio is that in line 23 Duke says this poor merchants flesh thou wilt not only lose the forfeiture but, touchd with human gentleness and love where Duke is trying to make Antonio look innocent and make everyone feel sorry for him, moreover the Duke says the poor merchant which tells that Duke has sympathy for Antonio. From line 30 Duke shows his hatred towards non Christians by saying commiseration of his state from brassy bosoms and rough hearts of flints, from stubborn Turks and Tartars, never trained to offices tender courtesy where Duke is basically trying to imply that non Christians have no sympathy for human life. The reason Shylock gives for wanting his pound of flesh is he says it is my humour and he says lodgd hate and a certain loathing I bear for Antonio where Shylock is expressing his hatred for Antonio. In act 1 scene 3 lines 98-121 it tells us how Antonio has treated Shylock in the past; Shylock says many a time you have rated me about my moneys and my unaces Shylock also says you call me misbeliever, cut throat dog, and spit upon my Jewish gaberine which informs us that Antonio has been spiteful towards Shylock from the beginning. The kind of tone of voice I would direct an actor playing Shylock to use for this particular part is a tone filled with anger and arrogance to show Shylock is angry because Antonio has no choice but to come to Shylock for help which will make Shylock feel more higher in society than Antonio. Paragraph 3 In Act 4 Scene 1 lines 70-83 Antonio says that Shylock character is stubborn by saying You may as well go stand upon the beach and bid the main flood bate his usual height where Antonio is trying to say that you cannot reason with Shylock there is no chance, because it is impossible to reason with the sea tide! Antonio also gives examples of things which are impossible to reason with such as you may as well use question with the wolf, why he hath made the ewe bleat for the lamb; you may as well forbid the mountain pines to wag their high tops, and to make no noise when they are fretten with the gusts of heaven. Antonio also states that as we seek to soften that-then which whats harder ?-his Jewish heart! Where Antonio is saying Shylock is like that because he is a Jew! This encourages the audience to develop an element of dislike for Shylock. After Shylock made his speech for his case to be heard in lines 89-103 I would direct the Duke to shout at him and get angry at Shylock because Shylock hasnt got the right to comment on Venice in such a hateful manner. In lines 128-138 Gratiano abuses Shylock I would make the actor deliver these lines while standing upright and pointing at Shylock looking at him in a bloody rage. The actor playing Shylock should be in a state of shock and in a furious rage. The words which are said by Gratiano tells us that his character is prejudice against Jews also he is not afraid to express his hatred towards Shylock and has affection for Antonio. Paragraph 4 As Duke reads the letter from Bellario the expectations that the audience expect from Balthazar is that he is qualified and acquainted with the cause in controversy between the Jew and Antonio the merchant. Which means he knows whats happening between Antonio and Shylock so he can make good judgement upon the situation. In the letter that Bellario writes about Balthazar, the words and phrases, which are intended to give a good impression about Balthazar are we turned over many books together which means that Balthazar knows as much as and is as well as informed as Bellario. It also says in the letter he is furnished with my opinion which I interpret as Balthazar has the same opinion as Bellario. Moreover it says I cannot enough commend which means Balthazar is so great Bellario cannot put him on an even higher stature. In addition it also states in the letter let his lack of years be no impediment, for I never knew so young a boy with so old a head whereby Bellario is saying even though Balthazar is young he is very educated or wise as if he were an old man. As Venice is strictly a male dominated society in business and in law; The actress playing Portia who is dressed as Duke will be thinking of things such as will the court and its audience believe I am Duke, is my costume persuasive enough for them to believe I am a man, what are the chances of the court thinking I am a women and will Shylock and Antonio except the judgement I give. Paragraph 5 In the play, the main themes of the play are that of justice and mercy. Portia gives a speech about mercy and justice in act 4 scene1 in lines 180-193, Portia says it dropeth as the gentle rain from heaven where Portia is trying to say mercy is a gift from above. Also Portia says it becomes the throned monarch better than his crown which I interpret as the person who is merciful, is better than a king who doesnt have mercy. Portia moreover says it is a attribute of god himself where Portia is saying mercy is one of gods qualities. In extent Portia states though justice be thy plea, consider this, that in the course of justice none of us should see salvation: we do pray for mercy, and that same prayer doth teach us to render the deeds of mercy where Portia is saying even though you want your pound of flesh have mercy. If I were the director I would make an actor deliver these lines in a compassionate and quiet tone of voice. The body language I would direct the actor to use is the act or constantly moving their hands. Paragraph 6 Act 4 scene 1 illustrates the opposition between appearance and reality when Portia disguises herself as a male; the other characters in the play that are not what they seem are Nerrisa and Jessica (Shylocks daughter). Nerrisa dresses up as a male to deceive the court; and Jessica disguises herself as a male (boy) to escape from her fathers home. The characters who have deceived others is Portia when she wanted back her ring which she gave to Bessanio, she dresses up as someone else and persuades Bessanio to give her the ring. Bessanio had a conversation with Portia but does not recognise her, I would direct the person playing Portia to keep on moving so it is not possible for Bessanio to get a clear view of Portias face; I would also make Portia wear the complete opposite of clothes she would usually wear. Moreover I would make Portia use a soft tone of voice so Bessanio could not make a comparison between Portia and the person deceiving Bessanio voices. Paragraph 7 One of the central themes of the play is that of justice. In lines 207-220 Bessanio says to Portia I will be bound to pay it ten times over on forfeit of my hands, my head, my heart. Bessanio also says Wrest once the law to your authority; to do a great right, do a little wrong, and curb this cruel devil of his will. In the first statement Bessanio says he will pay Shylock his money ten times over; he also swears on his hands, head and heart he will pay him. In the second statement Bessanio asks Portia to use her power and do a greater right than a wrong and disappoint Shylock (the devil). Portias reply to Bessanio was it must not be there is no power in Venice that alter a decree established where Portia is saying its not possible to ignore the contract that Shylock and Antonio made. When the actors read lines 240-60 the gestures I would direct them to use is that the actress playing Portia should have her hand on or next to her heart and Shylock should be getting the scales ready t o weigh a pound of flesh. When the actor playing Antonio reads lines 260-77 I will make him read the lines slowly and with a soft tone of voice also I will make Bessanio put his hand on Antonios shoulder. I would make the actor Bessanio look shocked and upset. Bessanio and Gratiano both say they would sacrifice their wives for Antonio; the thing that the two men dont know but the audience does is that both Bessanio and Gratiano wives are in the court. This makes the mood of the scene a funny situation for the audience but an embarrassing scenario for Bessanio and Gratiano because they both say that they would sacrifice their wives for Antonio, which would make their wives resentful. Shakespeare changes the emotional balance at this point because the scene was getting serious so Shakespeare thought he could add some comedy to the play (scene). Paragraph 8 While reading lines 94-308 I would direct the following actors to say there lines in the following manner: Bessanio should speak in a sad tone of voice because he thinks he is going to lose his friend Antonio. Gratiano should speak in a very angry tone of voice to show the audience that he has got hatred in his heart for Shylock. Portia should remain calm but firm because she is the head figure of the court. Shylock should have a happy tone because he is ready to get his pound of flesh. Antonio seems sad and ready to die. When Portia agrees to let Shylock take his pound of flesh he becomes very exciteted and anxious to cut Antonio when Portia stops him just before he cuts Antonio. While reading lines 316-40 the gestures, which should accompany each statement Portia makes, is when she says therefore prepare thee to cut off the flesh Portia could hand a knife to Shylock. While saying shed thou no blood; nor cut thou less, nor more, but just a pound of flesh Portia should look at Antonio pointing at him. While saying if the scale do turn but in the weight of a hair, thou digest, and all thy goods are confiscate Portia should take a hair from her head and show it to Shylock. In lines 316-40 three quotations which shows Portia is charge of the events are the Jew shall have all justice, why doth the Jew pause and he shall have merely justice, and his bond. While reading Shylocks lines between lines 294-342 his first responses are that he is praising Portia because he thinks he is getting his pound of flesh, when he finds out that he is not going to receive his pound of flesh he wants three times the bond for a sort of reparation; when it becomes apparent that he is not going to receive three times the bond he asks for the original sum borrowed and leaves. Paragraph 9 In lines 342-59 Portia says to Shylock Jew, the law hath yet another hold on you, it is enacted in the laws of Venice, if it be proved against an alien that by direct or indirect attempts he seeks the life of any citizen, the party that he doth contrive shall seize one half of his goods; the other privy coffer of the state. And the offenders life lies in the mercy of the Duke only In that statement Portia is saying to Shylock that Venice has still got another hold on him, she also says that if you try take a life of a citizen of Venice, the citizen is permitted to take half of the offenders property and the other half goes to the state of Venice. Moreover she says that his life is at the mercy of the Duke only. When the actor playing Gratiano says lines 360-3 the gestures he should use to say these words are he should use his finger and run it across his neck to represent death. Shylock should show his anguish when saying lines 371-3 by holding his hands together like hes going to be handcuffed to represent his life getting taken off him. In lines 376-86 I can tell that Antonio has not given up his prejudice ways because he says he presently (immediately) become a Christian which tells us that Antonio is still not happy Shylock is Jewish and wants him to turn Christian. Shylock should speak his last words in a voice filled with frustration and fury. As Shakespeare gives Shylock virtually nothing to say as he exits the play so if I were the director I would make Shylock say to Portia and Antonio that they are racist and Portia should not be in the position of power she is in. As Shylock leaves the stage for the last time I would direct him to leave with his head down also with an upset face. Paragraph 10 Both Portia and Nerissa talk of adopting manly behaviour in Act 3 Scene 4 to go with their disguises for the trial. When Portia appears as a man in the trial scene she uses language differently by using jargon (specialized or technical vocabulary of a profession) such as statements like I have spoke thus much to mitigate the justice of thy plea also there is no power in Venice can alter a decree established moreover it is enacted in the laws of Venice. Portia also has an authoritive and masculine voice, she also acts like a man in the way she uses body language. Paragraph 11 Shylock receives judgement but not justice, we know that he doesnt receive justice because he lent three thousand duceets to Antonio and in return he does not receive his pound of flesh or gets his money back but losses half his wealth and on top of that he must give up his religion and turn into a Christian. Also in his will he must give all his possessions to his son Lorenzo and his daughter, when Shylock is dead. The qualities of mercy which are displayed in the court scene is by Antonio when he says to quit the fine for one half of his goods where Antonio is allowed to take half of Shylocks possessions but he gives it back to Shylock under some conditions he presently become a Christian, of all he dies possessed, unto his son Lorenzo and his daughter which shows that Antonio did not want to take Shylocks lively hood.

Entrepreneur Interview Essay Example

Entrepreneur Interview Essay Example Entrepreneur Interview Essay Entrepreneur Interview Essay The individual I chose to interview is the proprietor of the company at my current topographic point of work. Larry Godwin is the proprietor of Godwin Company. Inc. which is a forklift and golf auto gross revenues. and service company. Larry worked on his household farm turning up in Arkansas after go forthing school in the 4th class and so moved to Indianapolis when he was 18 old ages old and began working for a fan company. He got an chance for an apprenticeship place at a tool and decease company making chiefly forklift fixs. After that he went to work for Westinghouse. reconstructing electrical equipment. making machine work. and keeping their forklifts. He so decided to work for Kidney-Wood. a tow motor distributer. where he was a route technician for one twelvemonth. he was so promoted to Service Manager. After working in that place for 10 old ages. he saved $ 4. 000. 00 by working overtime on eventide and weekends so he could get down his ain concern. that concern is now a pro fitable company. I think it’s of import to indicate out that he did this with merely a 4th class degree instruction. He is a really determined individual and learned everything he knows by detecting and taking in everything he learned at his old topographic points of employment. Larry foremost opened for concern at 2222 East tenth Street in 1969 serving industrial sweepers and scrubbers for infirmaries and mills. every bit good as. serving forklift trucks. In 1971 he moved his location to 846 North Hamilton and from at that place in 1974 he made his concluding move to 1175 West 16th Street. At this current location the company gross revenues and services forklifts and golf autos. The company besides owns 1151. 1201. 1205. and 1207 West 16th Street. which they lease these edifice to other companies who use it for storage or restaurant infinite. When he foremost started the concern had a net worth of $ 4. 000. 00 and is now a multi-million dollar company. Larry started the concern with the fact in head that if he worked for person else for the remainder of his life. he would merely do peanuts. He knew he was good at what he did and he told people so. He would state his clients. I’m the best forklift machinist in the state. And with that attitude he would derive the clients concern and regard. He had basic accounting cognition and knew the every department’s actions had to be accounted for in the books. He gained a batch of his cognition by paying close attending when he worked for others in the yesteryear. He knew that the concern had to either grow or travel rearward and it took about five old ages to acquire a good hard currency flow. He took out $ 100. 000. 00 loan from the bank to assist turn the concern and paid that loan off every bit shortly as possible. It’s the lone loan the company has of all time had. You have to hold a good apprehension of the fact that you can’t turn so fast that you can’t pay your creditors and don’t go out on a limb by buying excessively much stock in the beginning and non be able to sell it fast plenty in order to pay your measures. Thingss didn’t truly smooth out until approximately ten old ages in. He suggest distributing your portfolio out so that you won’t los everything if you make one hapless pick. He besides suggest get downing with larning everything possible about something you like and inquire yourself if you can do adequate money in the beginning to raise the capital of the concern because no bank will loan you money if you do non hold capital. The biggest advise Larry gave me during the interview was you have to be honest. loyal. have unity in the concern and be able to manage or see that every ailment is handled in a timely and appropriate manner. You have to cognize that the money that your concern makes corsets in the concern. If you start taking money out of the concern history. so you are losing your net income. As the proprietor of the company you get a payroll check and that is what you use to pay your personal measures. non the company’s money. I enjoyed acquiring to cognize the proprietor of the company I work for and how the concern was started. I was really impressed with Larry’s finding and passion he has for his concern. He is an inspiration to any one wanting to get down a concern of at that place ain. With merely a 4th class instruction he was determined and observant plenty to larn from others and construct a really successful concern. I’m proud to work for a company that is built on passion. honestness. and unity.

Leaders as agents of Socialization Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Leaders as agents of Socialization - Term Paper Example That is, the gradual shift from an unfavorable environment to a more favorable one has the likelihood to reshape the initial cognitive cycle of the child, thereby emphasizing the role that conscious educational environments could create for the child. Essentially, inequality in educational achievement has been attributed majorly to the physical environment that the child grows in. The cultural capital theory helps to explain disparities in educational attainment based on the environmental setup that children grow in (Meyer, 2007). Intellectual ability is assessed through educational attainment of individuals. However, the interaction between such achievement and the socialization has prompted wide research into the impacts of social structures on the individual’s ability to socialize (loosely translated into the ability to interact freely and intelligently with other members of a social setup). Socialization is a key factor in the determination of the skill development in young children. Consequently, a great deal of attention has been concentrated to understanding how cultures create a social structure, and how such structures affect the ability to socialize (Turner, 2006). From the dimension of a school leader, the above argument presents a state to redefine the way children socialize. That is, irrespective of their cultural background. The leader aims at creating a supportive environment that recognizes the existence of each member of a society, and attempts to genuinely offer them equal opportunity to develop their social skills. In order to address the disparities between various members of a community, it is essential to create a transformative environment that will enable convergence of interests and encourage those who are seen to be underprivileged to come out more boldly and confront their past misgivings. The transformation environment created by a school leader cannot be complete without

CHILDREN BULLING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

CHILDREN BULLING - Essay Example Most of the times, especially in schools, cyber bullying is done with the intention of socially alienating the victim from the rest of the peers (Li, 372). Cyber bullying goes one step further and also involves the use and distribution of text messages and pictures of a sexual nature. The social media is often used to publicize such images and subsequently, request sexual favours (Varjas et al., 270). Cyber bullying has increased to such an extent that and become so menacing that formal laws were passed in various countries to put a stop to this activity. Cyber bullying not only makes life uncomfortable for the victims, but also causes psychological problems, especially for school kids, teenagers and even for adults at times. Numerous researches have been conducted to study cyber bullying and to understand how it affects individuals. As a result of these studies, it was found that cyber bullying victimization rates were 28.7% in November 2009 (Donegan, 35). The popularity of social media has led to the rise of websites like Facebook and Twitter. According to a 2010 study, the most commonly used technologies by teenagers are cell phones and internet. This shows that these two technologies are the primary mediums which are used for cyber bullying. The research analyzed in this paper is a study conducted by Mishna et al., published in 2010. The research studies the phenomenon of cyber bullying in 2186 middle and high schools. Following numerous researches conducted on this topic, this research was conducted to study how the students, especially the victims, react to cyber bullying, which technologies are most commonly used for cyber bullying and what psychological impact do events like these have on the victims and the witnesses. Even though the phenomenon of cyberbullying is relatively new, various researches are being conducted on this topic and laws are being passed making cyberbullying illegal. This goes to show

Japanese Industrialization and Economic Growth Essay Example for Free

Japanese Industrialization and Economic Growth Essay Japan achieved sustained growth in per capita income between the 1880s and 1970 through industrialization. Moving along an income growth trajectory through expansion of manufacturing is hardly unique. Indeed Western Europe, Canada, Australia and the United States all attained high levels of income per capita by shifting from agrarian-based production to manufacturing and technologically sophisticated service sector activity. Still, there are four distinctive features of Japans development through industrialization that merit discussion: The proto-industrial base Japans agricultural productivity was high enough to sustain substantial craft (proto-industrial) production in both rural and urban areas of the country prior to industrialization. Investment-led growth Domestic investment in industry and infrastructure was the driving force behind growth in Japanese output. Both private and public sectors invested in infrastructure, national and local governments serving as coordinating agents for infrastructure build-up. * Investment in manufacturing capacity was largely left to the private sector. * Rising domestic savings made increasing capital accumulation possible. * Japanese growth was investment-led, not export-led. Total factor productivity growth achieving more output per unit of input was rapid. On the supply side, total factor productivity growth was extremely important. Scale economies the reduction in per unit costs due to increased levels of output contributed to total factor productivity growth. Scale economies existed due to geographic concentration, to growth of the national economy, and to growth in the output of individual companies. In addition, companies moved down the learning curve, reducing unit costs as their cumulative output rose and demand for their product soared. The social capacity for importing and adapting foreign technology improved and this contributed to total factor productivity growth: * At the household level, investing in education of children improved social capability. * At the firm level, creating internalized labor markets that bound firms to workers and workers to firms, thereby giving workers a strong incentive to flexibly adapt to new technology, improved social capability. * At the government level, industrial policy that reduced the cost to private firms of securing foreign technology enhanced social capacity. Shifting out of low-productivity agriculture into high productivity manufacturing, mining, and construction contributed to total factor productivity growth. Dualism Sharply segmented labor and capital markets emerged in Japan after the 1910s. The capital intensive sector enjoying high ratios of capital to labor paid relatively high wages, and the labor intensive sector paid relatively low wages. Dualism contributed to income inequality and therefore to domestic social unrest. After 1945 a series of public policy reforms addressed inequality and erased much of the social bitterness around dualism that ravaged Japan prior to World War II. The remainder of this article will expand on a number of the themes mentioned above. The appendix reviews quantitative evidence concerning these points. The conclusion of the article lists references that provide a wealth of detailed evidence supporting the points above, which this article can only begin to explore. The Legacy of Autarky and the Proto-Industrial Economy: Achievements of Tokugawa Japan (1600-1868) Why Japan? Given the relatively poor record of countries outside the European cultural area few achieving the kind of catch-up growth Japan managed between 1880 and 1970 the question naturally arises: why Japan? After all, when the United States forcibly opened Japan in the 1850s and Japan was forced to cede extra-territorial rights to a number of Western nations as had China earlier in the 1840s, many Westerners and Japanese alike thought Japans prospects seemed dim indeed. Tokugawa achievements: urbanization, road networks, rice cultivation, craft production In answering this question, Mosk (2001), Minami (1994) and Ohkawa and Rosovsky (1973) emphasize the achievements of Tokugawa Japan (1600-1868) during a long period of closed country autarky between the mid-seventeenth century and the 1850s: a high level of urbanization; well developed road networks; the channeling of river water flow with embankments and the extensive elaboration of irrigation ditches that supported and encouraged the refinement of rice cultivation based upon improving seed varieties, fertilizers and planting methods especially in the Southwest with its relatively long growing season; the development of proto-industrial (craft) production by merchant houses in the major cities like Osaka and Edo (now called Tokyo) and its diffusion to rural areas after 1700; and the promotion of education and population control among both the military elite (the samurai) and the well-to-do peasantr y in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Tokugawa political economy: daimyo and shogun These developments were inseparable from the political economy of Japan. The system of confederation government introduced at the end of the fifteenth century placed certain powers in the hands of feudal warlords, daimyo, and certain powers in the hands of the shogun, the most powerful of the warlords. Each daimyo and the shogun was assigned a geographic region, a domain, being given taxation authority over the peasants residing in the villages of the domain. Intercourse with foreign powers was monopolized by the shogun, thereby preventing daimyo from cementing alliances with other countries in an effort to overthrow the central government. The samurai military retainers of thedaimyo were forced to abandon rice farming and reside in the castle town headquarters of their daimyo overlord. In exchange, samurai received rice stipends from the rice taxes collected from the villages of their domain. By removingsamurai from the countryside by demilitarizing rural areas conflicts over local water rights were largely made a thing of the past. As a result irrigation ditches were extended throughout the valleys, and riverbanks were shored up with stone embankments, facilitating transport and preventing flooding. The sustained growth of proto-industrialization in urban Japan, and its widespread diffusion to villages after 1700 was also inseparable from the productivity growth in paddy rice production and the growing of industrial crops like tea, fruit, mulberry plant growing (that sustained the raising of silk cocoons) and cotton. Indeed, Smith (1988) has given pride of place to these domestic sources of Japans future industrial success. Readiness to emulate the West As a result of these domestic advances, Japan was well positioned to take up the Western challenge. It harnessed its infrastructure, its high level of literacy, and its proto-industrial distribution networks to the task of emulating Western organizational forms and Western techniques in energy production, first and foremost enlisting inorganic energy sources like coal and the other fossil fuels to generate steam power. Having intensively developed the organic economy depending upon natural energy flows like wind, water and fire, Japanese were quite prepared to master inorganic production after the Black Ships of the Americans forced Japan to jettison its long-standing autarky. From Balanced to Dualistic Growth, 1887-1938: Infrastructure and Manufacturing Expand Fukoku Kyohei After the Tokugawa government collapsed in 1868, a new Meiji government committed to the twin policies of fukoku kyohei (wealthy country/strong military) took up the challenge of renegotiating its treaties with the Western powers. It created infrastructure that facilitated industrialization. It built a modern navy and army that could keep the Western powers at bay and establish a protective buffer zone in North East Asia that eventually formed the basis for a burgeoning Japanese empire in Asia and the Pacific. Central government reforms in education, finance and transportation Jettisoning the confederation style government of the Tokugawa era, the new leaders of the new Meiji government fashioned a unitary state with powerful ministries consolidating authority in the capital, Tokyo. The freshly minted Ministry of Education promoted compulsory primary schooling for the masses and elite university education aimed at deepening engineering and scientific knowledge. The Ministry of Finance created the Bank of Japan in 1882, laying the foundations for a private banking system backed up a lender of last resort. The government began building a steam railroad trunk line girding the four major islands, encouraging private companies to participate in the project. In particular, the national government committed itself to constructing a Tokaido line connecting the Tokyo/Yokohama region to the Osaka/Kobe conurbation along the Pacific coastline of the main island of Honshu, and to creating deepwater harbors at Yokohama and Kobe that could accommodate deep-hulled steamships. Not surprisingly, the merchants in Osaka, the merchant capital of Tokugawa Japan, already well versed in proto-industrial production, turned to harnessing steam and coal, investing heavily in integrated sp inning and weaving steam-driven textile mills during the 1880s. Diffusion of best-practice agriculture At the same time, the abolition of the three hundred or so feudal fiefs that were the backbone of confederation style-Tokugawa rule and their consolidation into politically weak prefectures, under a strong national government that virtually monopolized taxation authority, gave a strong push to the diffusion of best practice agricultural technique. The nationwide diffusion of seed varieties developed in the Southwest fiefs of Tokugawa Japan spearheaded a substantial improvement in agricultural productivity especially in the Northeast. Simultaneously, expansion of agriculture using traditional Japanese technology agriculture and manufacturing using imported Western technology resulted. Balanced growth Growth at the close of the nineteenth century was balanced in the sense that traditional and modern technology using sectors grew at roughly equal rates, and labor especially young girls recruited out of farm households to labor in the steam using textile mills flowed back and forth between rural and urban Japan at wages that were roughly equal in industrial and agricultural pursuits. Geographic economies of scale in the Tokaido belt Concentration of industrial production first in Osaka and subsequently throughout the Tokaido belt fostered powerful geographic scale economies (the ability to reduce per unit costs as output levels increase), reducing the costs of securing energy, raw materials and access to global markets for enterprises located in the great harbor metropolises stretching from the massive Osaka/Kobe complex northward to the teeming Tokyo/Yokohama conurbation. Between 1904 and 1911, electrification mainly due to the proliferation of intercity electrical railroads created economies of scale in the nascent industrial belt facing outward onto the Pacific. The consolidation of two huge hydroelectric power grids during the 1920s one servicing Tokyo/Yokohama, the other Osaka and Kobe further solidified the comparative advantage of the Tokaido industrial belt in factory production. Finally, the widening and paving during the 1920s of roads that could handle buses and trucks was also pioneered by the grea t metropolises of the Tokaido, which further bolstered their relative advantage in per capita infrastructure. Organizational economies of scale zaibatsu In addition to geographic scale economies, organizational scale economies also became increasingly important in the late nineteenth centuries. The formation of the zaibatsu (financial cliques), which gradually evolved into diversified industrial combines tied together through central holding companies, is a case in point. By the 1910s these had evolved into highly diversified combines, binding together enterprises in banking and insurance, trading companies, mining concerns, textiles, iron and steel plants, and machinery manufactures. By channeling profits from older industries into new lines of activity like electrical machinery manufacturing, the zaibatsu form of organization generated scale economies in finance, trade and manufacturing, drastically reducing information-gathering and transactions costs. By attracting relatively scare managerial and entrepreneurial talent, the zaibatsu format economized on human resources. Electrification The push into electrical machinery production during the 1920s had a revolutionary impact on manufacturing. Effective exploitation of steam power required the use of large central steam engines simultaneously driving a large number of machines power looms and mules in a spinning/weaving plant for instance throughout a factory. Small enterprises did not mechanize in the steam era. But with electrification the unit drive system of mechanization spread. Each machine could be powered up independently of one another. Mechanization spread rapidly to the smallest factory. Emergence of the dualistic economy With the drive into heavy industries chemicals, iron and steel, machinery the demand for skilled labor that would flexibly respond to rapid changes in technique soared. Large firms in these industries began offering premium wages and guarantees of employment in good times and bad as a way of motivating and holding onto valuable workers. A dualistic economy emerged during the 1910s. Small firms, light industry and agriculture offered relatively low wages. Large enterprises in the heavy industries offered much more favorable remuneration, extending paternalistic benefits like company housing and company welfare programs to their internal labor markets. As a result a widening gulf opened up between the great metropolitan centers of the Tokaido and rural Japan. Income per head was far higher in the great industrial centers than in the hinterland. Clashing urban/rural and landlord/tenant interests The economic strains of emergent dualism were amplified by the slowing down of technological progress in the agricultural sector, which had exhaustively reaped the benefits due to regional diffusion from the Southwest to the Northeast of best practice Tokugawa rice cultivation. Landlords around 45% of the cultivable rice paddy land in Japan was held in some form of tenancy at the beginning of the twentieth century who had played a crucial role in promoting the diffusion of traditional best practice techniques now lost interest in rural affairs and turned their attention to industrial activities. Tenants also found their interests disregarded by the national authorities in Tokyo, who were increasingly focused on supplying cheap foodstuffs to the burgeoning industrial belt by promoting agricultural production within the empire that it was assembling through military victories. Japan secured Taiwan from China in 1895, and formally brought Korea under its imperial rule in 1910 upon the heels of its successful war against Russia in 1904-05. Tenant unions reacted to this callous disrespect of their needs through violence. Landlord/tenant disputes broke out in the early 1920s, and continued to plague Japan politically throughout the 1930s, calls for land reform and bureaucratic proposals for reform being rejected by a Diet (Japans legislature) politically dominated by landlords. Japans military expansion Japans thrust to imperial expansion was inflamed by the growing instability of the geopolitical and international trade regime of the later 1920s and early 1930s. The relative decline of the United Kingdom as an economic power doomed a gold standard regime tied to the British pound. The United States was becoming a potential contender to the United Kingdom as the backer of a gold standard regime but its long history of high tariffs and isolationism deterred it from taking over leadership in promoting global trade openness. Germany and the Soviet Union were increasingly becoming industrial and military giants on the Eurasian land mass committed to ideologies hostile to the liberal democracy championed by the United Kingdom and the United States. It was against this international backdrop that Japan began aggressively staking out its claim to being the dominant military power in East Asia and the Pacific, thereby bringing it into conflict with the United States and the United Kingdom i n the Asian and Pacific theaters after the world slipped into global warfare in 1939. Reform and Reconstruction in a New International Economic Order, Japan after World War II Postwar occupation: economic and institutional restructuring Surrendering to the United States and its allies in 1945, Japans economy and infrastructure was revamped under the S.C.A.P (Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers) Occupation lasting through 1951. As Nakamura (1995) points out, a variety of Occupation-sponsored reforms transformed the institutional environment conditioning economic performance in Japan. The major zaibatsu were liquidated by the Holding Company Liquidation Commission set up under the Occupation (they were revamped as keiretsu corporate groups mainly tied together through cross-shareholding of stock in the aftermath of the Occupation); land reform wiped out landlordism and gave a strong push to agricultural productivity through mechanization of rice cultivation; and collective bargaining, largely illegal under the Peace Preservation Act that was used to suppress union organizing during the interwar period, was given the imprimatur of constitutional legality. Finally, education was opened up, partly through making middle school compulsory, partly through the creation of national universities in each of Japans forty-six prefectures. Improvement in the social capability for economic growth In short, from a domestic point of view, the social capability for importing and adapting foreign technology was improved with the reforms in education and the fillip to competition given by the dissolution of the zaibatsu. Resolving tension between rural and urban Japan through land reform and the establishment of a rice price support program that guaranteed farmers incomes comparable to blue collar industrial workers also contributed to the social capacity to absorb foreign technology by suppressing the political divisions between metropolitan and hinterland Japan that plagued the nation during the interwar years. Japan and the postwar international order The revamped international economic order contributed to the social capability of importing and adapting foreign technology. The instability of the 1920s and 1930s was replaced with replaced with a relatively predictable bipolar world in which the United States and the Soviet Union opposed each other in both geopolitical and ideological arenas. The United States became an architect of multilateral architecture designed to encourage trade through its sponsorship of the United Nations, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (the predecessor to the World Trade Organization). Under the logic of building military alliances to contain Eurasian Communism, the United States brought Japan under its nuclear umbrella with a bilateral security treaty. American companies were encouraged to license technology to Japanese companies in the new international environment. Japan redirected its trade away from the areas that had been incorporated i nto the Japanese Empire before 1945, and towards the huge and expanding American market. Miracle Growth: Soaring Domestic Investment and Export Growth, 1953-1970 Its infrastructure revitalized through the Occupation period reforms, its capacity to import and export enhanced by the new international economic order, and its access to American technology bolstered through its security pact with the United States, Japan experienced the dramatic Miracle Growth between 1953 and the early 1970s whose sources have been cogently analyzed by Denison and Chung (1976). Especially striking in the Miracle Growth period was the remarkable increase in the rate of domestic fixed capital formation, the rise in the investment proportion being matched by a rising savings rate whose secular increase especially that of private household savings has been well documented and analyzed by Horioka (1991). While Japan continued to close the gap in income per capita between itself and the United States after the early 1970s, most scholars believe that large Japanese manufacturing enterprises had b y and large become internationally competitive by the early 1970s. In this sense it can be said that Japan had completed its nine decade long convergence to international competitiveness through industrialization by the early 1970s. MITI There is little doubt that the social capacity to import and adapt foreign technology was vastly improved in the aftermath of the Pacific War. Creating social consensus with Land Reform and agricultural subsidies reduced political divisiveness, extending compulsory education and breaking up the zaibatsu had a positive impact. Fashioning the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (M.I.T.I.) that took responsibility for overseeing industrial policy is also viewed as facilitating Japans social capability. There is no doubt that M.I.T.I. drove down the cost of securing foreign technology. By intervening between Japanese firms and foreign companies, it acted as a single buyer of technology, playing off competing American and European enterprises in order to reduce the royalties Japanese concerns had to pay on technology licenses. By keeping domestic patent periods short, M.I.T.I. encouraged rapid diffusion of technology. And in some cases the experience of International Business Machines (I.B.M.), enjoying a virtual monopoly in global mainframe computer markets during the 1950s and early 1960s, is a classical case M.I.T.I. made it a condition of entry into the Japanese market (through the creation of a subsidiary Japan I.B.M. in the case of I.B.M.) that foreign companies share many of their technological secrets with potential Japanese competitors. How important industrial policy was for Miracle Growth remains controversial, however. The view of Johnson (1982), who hails industrial policy as a pillar of the Japanese Development State (government promoting economic growth through state policies) has been criticized and revised by subsequent scholars. The book by Uriu (1996) is a case in point. Internal labor markets, just-in-time inventory and quality control circles Furthering the internalization of labor markets the premium wages and long-term employment guarantees largely restricted to white col lar workers were extended to blue collar workers with the legalization of unions and collective bargaining after 1945 also raised the social capability of adapting foreign technology. Internalizing labor created a highly flexible labor force in post-1950 Japan. As a result, Japanese workers embraced many of the key ideas of Just-in-Time inventory control and Quality Control circles in assembly industries, learning how to do rapid machine setups as part and parcel of an effort to produce components just-in-time and without defect. Ironically, the concepts of just-in-time and quality control were originally developed in the United States, just-in-time methods being pioneered by supermarkets and quality control by efficiency experts like W. Edwards Deming. Yet it was in Japan that these concepts were relentlessly pursued to revolutionize assembly line industries during the 1950s and 1960s. Ultimate causes of the Japanese economic miracle Miracle Growth was the completion of a protracted historical process involving enhancing human capital, massive accumulation of physical capital including infrastructure and private manufacturing capacity, the importation and adaptation of foreign technology, and the creation of scale economies, which took decades and decades to realize. Dubbed a miracle, it is best seen as the reaping of a bountiful harvest whose seeds were painstakingly planted in the six decades between 1880 and 1938. In the course of the nine decades between the 1880s and 1970, Japan amassed and lost a sprawling empire, reorienting its trade and geopolitical stance through the twists and turns of history. While the ultimate sources of growth can be ferreted out through some form of statistical accounting, the specific way these sources were marshaled in practice is inseparable from the history of Japan itself and of the global environment within which it has realized its industrial destiny. Appendix: Sources of Growth Accounting and Quantitative Aspects of Japans Modern Economic Development One of the attractions of studying Japans post-1880 economic development is the abundance of quantitative data documenting Japans growth. Estimates of Japanese income and output by sector, capital stock and labor force extend back to the 1880s, a period when Japanese income per capita was low. Consequently statistical probing of Japans long-run growth from relative poverty to abundance is possible. The remainder of this appendix is devoted to introducing the reader to the vast literature on quantitative analysis of Japans economic development from the 1880s until 1970, a nine decade period during which Japanese income per capita converged towards income per capita levels in Western Europe. As the reader will see, this discussion confirms the importance of factors discussed at the outset of this article. Our initial touchstone is the excellent sources of growth accounting analysis carried out by Denison and Chung (1976) on Japans growth between 1953 and 1971. Attributing growth in national income in growth of inputs, the factors of production capital and labor and growth in output per unit of the two inputs combined (total factor productivity) along the following lines: G(Y) = { a G(K) + [1-a] G(L) } + G (A) where G(Y) is the (annual) growth of national output, g(K) is the growth rate of capital services, G(L) is the growth rate of labor services, a is capitals share in national income (the share of income accruing to owners of capital), and G(A) is the growth of total factor productivity, is a standard approach used to approximate the sources of growth of income. Using a variant of this type of decomposition that takes into account improvements in the quality of capital and labor, estimates of scale economies and adjustments for structural change (shifting labor out of agriculture helps explain why total factor productivity grows), Denison and Chung (1976) generate a useful set of estimates for Japans Miracle Growth era. Operating with this sources of growth approach and proceeding under a variety of plausible assumptions, Denison and Chung (1976) estimate that of Japans average annual real national income growth of 8.77 % over 1953-71, input growth accounted for 3.95% (accounting for 45% of total growth) and growth in output per unit of input contributed 4.82% (accounting for 55% of total growth). To be sure, the precise assumptions and techniques they use can be criticized. The precise numerical results they arrive at can be argued over. Still, their general point that Japans growth was the result of improvements in the quality of factor inputs health and education for workers, for instance and improvements in the way these inputs are utilized in production due to technological and organizational change, reallocation of resources from agriculture to non-agriculture, and scale economies, is defensible. Notes: [a] Maddison (2000) provides estimates of real income that take into account the purchasing power of national currencies. [b] Ohkawa (1979) gives estimates for the N sector that is defined as manufacturing and mining (Ma) plus construction plus facilitating industry (transport, communications and utilities). It should be noted that the concept of an N sector is not standard in the field of economics. [c] The estimates of trade are obtained by adding merchandise imports to merchandise exports. Trade openness is estimated by taking the ratio of total (merchandise) trade to national output, the latter defined as Gross Domestic Product (G.D.P.). The trade figures include trade with Japans empire (Korea, Taiwan, Manchuria, etc.); the income figures for Japan exclude income generated in the empire. [d] The Human Development Index is a composite variable formed by adding together indices for educational attainment, for health (using life expectancy that is inversely related to the level of the infant mortality rate, the IMR), and for real per capita income. For a detailed discussion of this index see United Nations Development Programme (2000). [e] Electrical generation is measured in million kilowatts generated and supplied. For 1970, the figures on NHK subscribers are for television subscribers. The symbol n.a. = not available. Sources: The figures in this table are taken from various pages and tables in Japan Statistical Association (1987), Maddison (2000), Minami (1994), and Ohkawa (1979). Flowing from this table are a number of points that bear lessons of the Denison and Chung (1976) decomposition. One cluster of points bears upon the timing of Japans income per capita growth and the relationship of manufacturing expansion to income growth. Another highlights improvements in the quality of the labor input. Yet another points to the overriding importance of domestic investment in manufacturing and the lesser significance of trade demand. A fourth group suggests that infrastructure has been important to economic growth and industrial expansion in Japan, as exemplified by the figures on electricity generating capacity and the mass diffusion of communications in the form of radio and television broadcasting. Several parts of Table 1 point to industrialization, defined as an increase in the proportion of output (and labor force) attributable to manufacturing and mining, as the driving force in explaining Japans income per capita growth. Notable in Panels A and B of the tab le is that the gap between Japanese and American income per capita closed most decisively during the 1910s, the 1930s, and the 1960s, precisely the periods when manufacturing expansion was the most vigorous. Equally noteworthy of the spurts of the 1910s, 1930s and the 1960s is the overriding importance of gross domestic fixed capital formation, that is investment, for growth in demand. By contrast, trade seems much less important to growth in demand during these critical decades, a point emphasized by both Minami (1994) and by Ohkawa and Rosovsky (1973). The notion that Japanese growth was export led during the nine decades between 1880 and 1970 when Japan caught up technologically with the leading Western nations is not defensible. Rather, domestic capital investment seems to be the driving force behind aggregate demand expansion. The periods of especially intense capital formation were also the periods when manufacturing production soared. Capital formation in manufacturing, or in infrastructure supporting manufacturing expansion, is the main agent pushing long-run income per capita growth. Why? As Ohkawa and Rosovsky (1973) argue, spurts in manufacturing capital formation were associated with the import and adaptation of foreign technology, especially from the United States These investment spurts were also associated with shifts of labor force out of agriculture and into manufacturing, construction and facilitating sectors where labor productivity was far higher than it was in labor-intensive farming centered around labor-intensive rice cultivation. The logic of productivity gain due to more efficient allocation of labor resources is apparent from the right hand column of Panel A in Table 1. Finally, Panel C of Table 1 suggests that infrastructure investment that facilitated health and educational attainment (combined public and private expenditure on sanitation, schools and research laboratories), and public/private investment in physical infrastructure including dams and hydroelectric power grids helped fuel the expansion of manufacturing by improving human capital and by reducing the costs of transportation, communications and energy supply faced by private factories. Mosk (2001) argues that investments in human-capital-enhancing (medicine, public health and education), financial (banking) and physical infrastructure (harbors, roads, power grids, railroads and communications) laid the groundwork for industrial expansions. Indeed, the social capability for importing and adapting foreign technology emphasized by Ohkawa and Rosovsky (1973) can be largely explained by an infrastructure-driven growth hypothesis like that given by Mosk (2001). In sum, Denison and Chung (1976) argue that a combination of input factor improvement and growth in output per combined factor inputs account for Japans most rapid spurt of economic growth. Table 1 suggests that labor quality improved because health was enhanced and educational attainment increased; that investment in manufacturing was important not only because it increased capital stock itself but also because it reduced dependence on agriculture and went hand in glove with improvements in knowledge; and that th e social capacity to absorb and adapt Western technology that fueled improvements in knowledge was associated with infrastructure investment. References Denison, Edward and William Chung. Economic Growth and Its Sources. In Asias Next Giant: How the Japanese Economy Works, edited by Hugh Patrick and Henry Rosovsky, 63-151. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1976. Horioka, Charles Y. Future Trends in Japans Savings Rate and the Implications Thereof for Japans External Imbalance.Japan and the World Economy 3 (1991): 307-330. Japan Statistical Association. Historical Statistics of Japan [Five Volumes]. Tokyo: Japan Statistical Association, 1987. Johnson, Chalmers. MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925-1975. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982. Maddison, Angus. Monitoring the World Economy, 1820-1992. Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2000. Minami, Ryoshin. Economic Development of Japan: A Quantitative Study. [Second edition]. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Press, 1994. Mitchell, Brian. International Historical Statistics: Africa and Asia. New York: New York University Press, 1982. Mosk, Carl. Japanese Industrial History: Technology, Urbanization, and Economic Growth. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2001. Nakamura, Takafusa. The Postwar Japanese Economy: Its Development and Structure, 1937-1994. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1995. Ohkawa, Kazushi. Production Structure. In Patterns of Japanese Economic Development: A Quantitative Appraisal, edited by Kazushi Ohkawa and Miyohei Shinohara with Larry Meissner, 34-58. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979. Ohkawa, Kazushi and Henry Rosovsky. Japanese Economic Growth: Trend Acceleration in the Twentieth Century. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1973. Smith, Thomas. Native Sources of Japanese Industrialization, 1750-1920. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988. Uriu, Robert. Troubled Industries: Confronting Economic Challenge in Japan. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996. United Nations Development Programme. Human Development Report, 2000. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Citation: Mosk, Carl. Japan, Industrialization and Economic Growth. EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. January 18, 2004. URL http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/mosk.japan.final